// capitalizes a string
string toUppercase(string text) {
    char c;
    string ret = "";
    for (int i = 0; i < (signed) text.length(); i++) {
        c = text[i];
        if (islower(c)) {
            c = c - 'a' + 'A';
        }
        ret += c;
    }
    return ret;
}

// decapitalizes a string
string toLowercase(string text) {
    char c;
    string ret = "";
    for (int i = 0; i < (signed) text.length(); i++) {
        c = text[i];
        if (isupper(c)) {
            c = c - 'A' + 'a';
        }
        ret += c;
        }
    return ret;
}